nsaid

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs are a class of medications that reduce pain, fever, and inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. They are among the most widely used analgesics for musculoskeletal pain and inflammatory conditions.

How It Works

NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis. This decreases inflammation, pain sensitization, and fever. COX-2 selective inhibitors were developed to reduce gastrointestinal side effects associated with COX-1 inhibition.

Common Uses

Osteoarthritis pain and inflammation
Acute musculoskeletal injuries
Low back pain
Post-surgical pain
Inflammatory conditions (tendinitis, bursitis)
Headache and migraine

Side Effects

Gastric ulceration and bleeding (risk increases with dose and duration)
Cardiovascular risk (increased with COX-2 selective agents)
Renal impairment (especially in dehydrated patients or those with CKD)
Increased bleeding risk
Hypertension worsening
Hepatic effects (rare with standard doses)
Fluid retention

Important Precautions

Avoid in patients with active peptic ulcer disease
Use lowest effective dose for shortest duration
Avoid in severe renal impairment
Caution with cardiovascular disease (COX-2 selective agents carry higher CV risk)
Take with food to reduce GI side effects
Avoid combining multiple NSAIDs
Caution with anticoagulant therapy
Not recommended in third trimester of pregnancy

⚠️ Important Precautions

This information is for educational purposes only. NSAIDs can have serious side effects. Consult a healthcare professional before starting, changing, or stopping any NSAID medication, especially if you have underlying health conditions.

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